Chemistry is the sciencce  of "what things are made of"  and we'll experiment with the basics this week.  We'll start with talking about atoms and how different types of atoms behave diffently.  Acids have atoms that give of Hydrogen ions in water and make some of the food we eat sour.  Bases behave oppositly and give of Hydroxides in water and cause things to taste bitter.  Cleaners usually are basic.  When the two are combined, gas (Carbon Dioxide in class today) and a salt is left behind.  There are different types of indicators to allow chemists to know the PH of a substance.  We will experiment with cabbage juice and other indicators.  
Next we will talk about solid, liquids and gases and make a CO2 balloon from an acid and base. Which group does a polymer belong to?  Polymers are long skinny molecules that can be tangled to create plastics, nylon, and more.  Naturally they are found in our hair, wood, and spider silk.  The students will tangle some of these.
Our project is to make a lip balm.  We will find the melting point of shea butter and beeswax and make an emulsion of the 2 liquids after they melt. An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible
(un-blendable). Emulsions are part of a more general class of two-phase systems
of matter  called colloids  We'll add an emollient, almond oil, that keeps moisture from evaporating from the skin.  The kids get to add their own fragrances to engineer there own special type.

Our eyes are amazing but they can't allow us to see the hidden world of the small that surrounds us.  Antonie van Leewenhoek built the first microscope over 400 years ago and was amazed at seeing red blood cells and bee wings.  We'll bend light with a magnifying glass so that objects appear larger and try using 2 magnifying glasses together to compound the magnification.  This will lead us to looking at the parts of a compund light microscope and examine how it works. 

Each student will hold a model of a bacterium, virus, protozoan or cell so that we can see  the variety of life on a small scale.  We'll then look through the microscope sliders at cells, bacteria, and viruses. We'll also look at larger objects and use the microscope that we can see on the computer screen.  We'll search through pond water to find water fleas, insect larvae and maybe some surprises.

Our project this week will be to design a thinking cap.  The hat will have a brain cell or neuron on top.  These cells have to be magnified over 300x to be seen clearly.  The brain cell has a nucleus in the center and a long axon on the end to deliver electrical signals to the dendrites at the top of the next brain cell.  This is the way our thoughts travel.

There are not as many tidepools here at our Carolina Beaches as on the West Coast and New England States but......if you know where to look you can spot some unique creatures this summer.  My favorite spot to go looking is at a small beach cove at Fort Fisher.  You park at the rocks before you get to the park and then walk to the rocks at low tide on the far right (facing the ocean).  I always find anemones, sticky to the touch and usually hermit crabs (leave them there).  Then end of Sunset Beach is a great spot and on the coastal waterways in the grasses at low tide is a fun place to explore as well  Beware of sharp shells and thick mud that you may sink into.
Here are a few tips for great collecting this summer.  Let me know what you find.                                           
                                                                                             


1.
Check the Tides The   best time for tide pooling is low tide, or as close to it as possible. You can check the tides usually in the local paper, or online using a tide
predictor.                                                                                 
2. Bring a Book. In many areas where there are tide pools, you'll
  find pocket-sized marine life field guides at the local bookstore or souvenir
  shops. Bringing one of these along will help you identify any critters you find
  and learn about them. A great activity for kids: match up the animals and
  plants they find to identification pictures in a field.  We carry a great one on the NC 
  Coast
 3. Wear sturdy shoes or boots. Going barefoot isn't
usually the best choice for a tide pool. Many tide pools have piles of slippery
seaweed, and scratchy critters like barnacles, snail and mussel shells. Wear
sturdy shoes that you don't mind getting wet, such as sport sandals or old
sneakers, or rubber rain boots.
 4. Beware of Slippery Seaweed!  As mentioned above, tide pool rocks are often covered with slippery seaweed.  Walk safely by placing your feet on bare rocks or sand (if there is any).  Encourage kids to "walk like a crab" by using both hands and feet and staying  low to the ground.
 5.  Return Animals Exactly Where You Found Them. Some animals live in a very
  small area their entire lives. The limpet, for example, uses its radula
to scrape a small hole in a rock, and this is where it lives. Some limpets
return to that exact spot each day. So if you move an organism far from its
home, it may never find its way back. So if you do touch an animal, do it
gently, with wet hands, and then put it back right where you found it.                

6. Don't Remove Attached Animals. Follow the "body language" of
the animals you see. Do not pull an attached animal like a limpet, barnacle or
sea anemone off a rock. Often you can learn more by watching an animal in its
 place, but if you do try to touch an animal, don't pick it up if it appears
 stuck.                                                                                                                                       
7. Explore From the Sidelines When Possible .Instead of tramping
  through every tide pool you see, explore from the edge if possible and resist
  the temptation to pick up every organism you find. This will minimize your
  impact on the habitat and the animals that live there.                  
8. Leave No Rock Overturned. Tide pool animals often hide under
  rocks, so one way to find them (other than just observing a tide pool and
  watching them move around) is to gently lift a rock up and see what's
  underneath. Always put the rock back where you found it. If you flip it over
  entirely, you could kill marine life living on its upper or lower side.                                                                                                                                                
9. Marine Animals Don't Belong in Your Bathtub. Don't bring any
  plants or animals home. Number one, many of them are very sensitive to the
  salinity and other particulars of their habitat. It also may be illegal - many
  areas require a permit for "collecting" marine life. 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        10.
Bring a Bag. Bring a grocery bag with you to bring your trash home. Even
better, pick up some trash that others have left behind. Litter can hurt marine
life if they become entangled or accidentally swallow trash. 

I will post all of my class notes and comments here every week.  Check in to see what we're doing in class and information about your project.  Feel free to leave any comments you or your child has about our classes.